A Brief History of Romania Automatic translate
Romania’s history spans thousands of years, marked by dynamic cultural, political and social transformations. Situated at the crossroads of Central and South-Eastern Europe, Romania’s past reflects the influence of various civilizations, from the Dacians and Romans to the Byzantines, Ottomans and others.
> Ancient origins (c. 2000 BC – 106 AD)
Dacian civilization
The earliest known inhabitants of the region were the Dacians, a Thracian people with a distinctive culture. They flourished in the Carpathian Mountains, engaging in agriculture, metalworking and trade.
Roman conquest
In 106 AD The Roman Empire, led by Emperor Trajan, conquered the Dacian kingdom. The territory became the province of Dacia, a strategic frontier of the Roman Empire. This period had a lasting impact on the local culture, reflected in the Romanian language, which developed from Latin.
> Medieval period (c. 271 – 1600)
Migration period
After the Romans left in 271 AD. the region experienced a wave of migration: various tribes such as the Goths, Huns and Slavs influenced it.
Transylvania and Wallachia
By the 9th century, Transylvania and Wallachia had emerged as separate political entities. Hungarian influence was felt in Transylvania, and Wallachia maintained its autonomy under local rulers known as voivodes.
Emergence of Moldova
In the 14th century, Moldova emerged as a principality, establishing itself as a regional power under leaders such as Stephen the Great. During this period, the principality experienced cultural and economic growth.
> Ottoman rule and independence (c. 1600 – 1877)
Ottoman rule
The 15th century marked the beginning of Ottoman rule in the region, and Wallachia and Moldova became vassal states. This period was characterized by both cultural exchanges and conflicts.
Phanariot rule
In the 18th century, the Phanariots, Greeks from the Ottoman Empire, established control over Wallachia and Moldova. Social and economic reforms were carried out during this era.
19th century independence
The 19th century saw the rise of nationalism, culminating in the Revolutionary War of 1877–1878. With Russian support, Romania achieved independence and expanded its territory.
> Kingdom of Romania (1881 – 1947)
An association
The Principality of Romania was officially proclaimed a kingdom in 1881 under King Carol I. In 1918, as a result of the Great Union, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia were annexed, forming Greater Romania.
World War I and the Treaty of Versailles
Romania’s participation in World War I resulted in territorial gains recognized in the Treaty of Versailles. However, political and economic problems persisted during the interwar period.
> World War II and the communist era (1947 – 1989)
Communist seizure of power
In 1947, King Michael I abdicated the throne, and Romania fell under communist rule, led by Gheorghe Gheorghiu Dei and then Nicolae Ceausescu. This era was marked by industrialization but also political repression.
December Revolution 1989
The fall of communism occurred in December 1989, after a series of protests and the overthrow of the Ceausescu regime. Romania transitioned to a democratic republic and a new era began.
> Modern Romania (1990–present)
EU and NATO membership
Romania joined the European Union in 2007 and became a NATO member in 2004, cementing its place in the Euro-Atlantic community.
Economic and social development
Post-communist Romania has seen significant economic and social changes, as well as efforts to solve problems and embrace democratic values. Today, Romanians have the opportunity to travel much of the world without a visa and are full European citizens. For more information about the benefits of Romanian citizenship, follow the link: https://grazhdanstvo-rumynii.com/preymushhestva/
Romania’s history is a testament to its resilience and adaptability, with each era leaving an indelible mark on its culture and identity. From ancient Dacian roots to the challenges of modern nationhood, Romania continues to evolve as a vibrant and dynamic nation.
Bucharest, the capital and largest city of Romania, has a long history marked by diverse cultural influences, periods of expansion and watershed events. This comprehensive overview provides verified facts about the historical development of Bucharest, from its early beginnings to its current status as a vibrant European capital.
> Early settlements and founding of Bucharest (c. 1459)
Origins
The origins of Bucharest date back to the 14th century, when it was founded as a fortified outpost on the banks of the Dambovita River. It is believed that the name "Bucharest" comes from the Romanian word "bucurie", which means "joy".
Vlad Impaler
The city rose to prominence during the reign of Vlad III, also known as Vlad the Impaler, who promoted the city’s development as a center of trade and commerce.
> Ottoman influence and capital status (c. XVII-XVIII centuries)
Ottoman rule
In the 17th century, Bucharest came under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, experiencing a period of economic and cultural growth. The Ottomans left an indelible mark on the architecture and layout of the city.
Capital of Wallachia
Bucharest became the capital of Wallachia in 1659, a status it retained throughout various historical periods. Important landmarks were built during this era, including the Old Princely Court (Curtea Veche).
> Phanariot rule and growth (c. 18th-19th centuries)
Phanariot influence
The 18th century witnessed the influence of the Phanariots, Greek administrators appointed by the Ottoman Empire. During this period, administrative and architectural changes took place in Bucharest.
City expansion
In the 19th century, Bucharest experienced significant urban expansion, with the construction of boulevards and neoclassical buildings. Notable buildings from this era include the Romanian Athenaeum and the Palace of Parliament.
> Independence and modernization (c. late 19th – early 20th centuries)
Independence
Bucharest played a key role in Romania’s war of liberation (1877-1878) against the Ottoman Empire, which led to Romania’s independence. The city continued to be a center of political and cultural development.
Belle Époque
The beginning of the 20th century was marked for Bucharest by a period of cultural flourishing and modernization. The city became known as the "Little Paris of the East" due to its architecture, theaters and vibrant intellectual scene.
> World wars and the communist era (c. 20th century)
World Wars
Bucharest suffered the consequences of both the First and Second World Wars, with the latter leading to significant destruction and subsequent reconstruction.
Communist period
After World War II, Bucharest underwent massive urban development and industrialization during the communist era under Nicolae Ceausescu. A striking example of this period is the construction of the Palace of Parliament.
> Post-communist era and European capital (c. late 20th century – present)
Revolution of 1989
The fall of communism in Romania was marked by the December 1989 revolution, which led to the end of the Ceausescu regime and the beginning of a new democratic era.
European capital
In the post-communist era, Bucharest has emerged as a dynamic European capital, experiencing economic growth, cultural renaissance and infrastructural development. The city has become an important center for business, tourism and international events.
> Tourist places
Romania boasts a variety of diverse and exciting tourist attractions that will delight history, nature and culture lovers. Here is a selection of the main tourist attractions in Romania:
Bran Castle (Dracula’s Castle):
Bran Castle, located near Brasov, is often associated with the legend of Dracula and is a must-visit for those interested in medieval history and Gothic architecture. The castle offers stunning views of the surrounding Carpathian Mountains.
Peles Castle
Peles Castle, located in the Carpathian Mountains near Sinai, is a masterpiece of German Renaissance architecture. It served as a royal residence and is famous for its luxurious interiors and picturesque surroundings.
Transfagarasan Highway
Known as one of the most scenic highways in the world, the Transfagarasan Highway passes through the Carpathian Mountains, offering breathtaking views, especially during the summer months. The road passes through tunnels and past glacial lakes, making it an unforgettable journey.
Painted monasteries of Northern Moldova
Northern Moldova’s UNESCO-listed painted monasteries, including Voronet, Humor and Sucevita, feature vibrant frescoes depicting religious scenes. These monasteries are architectural gems and important cultural attractions.
Palace of Parliament
The Palace of Parliament, located in Bucharest, is the heaviest building in the world and a testament to Romania’s communist history. Guided tours introduce you to the history of the building, its architecture and the Ceausescu regime.
Old town of Sibiu
Sibiu, a city in Transylvania, boasts a well-preserved medieval old town with charming squares, colorful houses and historical sites. The Council Tower and the National Brukenthal Museum deserve special attention.
Cheerful Cemetery (Cimitirul Vesel)
Located in Zapanta, Maramures, the Merry Cemetery is unique for its colorful tombstones, adorned with humorous epitaphs and colorful illustrations. It offers an unconventional yet lighthearted view of life and death.
Danube Delta
A UNESCO Biosphere Reserve, the Danube Delta is a paradise for nature lovers. It is home to rich flora and fauna, including numerous species of birds. Boat excursions provide a unique opportunity to experience this natural paradise.
Turda Salt Mine
The Turda Salt Mine, converted into an underground theme park, includes underground lakes, salt formations and recreational areas. This is a unique combination of history and entertainment.
Retezat National Park
A paradise for hikers and nature lovers, Retezat National Park in the Southern Carpathians boasts pristine landscapes, glacial lakes, and diverse flora and fauna. It is a UNESCO biosphere reserve.
These attractions are just a sampling of the cultural, historical and natural wonders Romania awaits travelers discovering this enchanting European destination.