Cornelisz. van Haarlem, Cornelis – De kindermoord te Bethlehem, 1590 Rijksmuseum: part 1

The composition presents a scene of considerable violence and distress, unfolding within a fortified urban landscape. A large group of figures dominates the foreground, engaged in what appears to be a brutal massacre. The artist has arranged them across a sloping terrain, creating depth and emphasizing the chaotic nature of the event.
On the left side of the canvas, several women are depicted wielding weapons – swords and clubs – against defenseless infants lying on the ground. Their expressions range from grim determination to detached cruelty. A figure in yellow stands out due to her vibrant clothing and aggressive posture as she raises a sword above a fallen child. The bodies of the slain children are rendered with a stark realism, their vulnerability heightened by their nudity and small size.
To the right, a muscular male figure, identifiable as a soldier or executioner, actively participates in the slaughter. He forcefully pushes aside another woman while seemingly directing his attention towards more victims. His physique is idealized, suggesting strength and dominance, yet he is entangled within the turmoil of the scene. Other men are visible further back, contributing to the overall sense of widespread carnage.
The background reveals a walled city with towers and buildings, partially obscured by a stormy sky. A single bird flies above the fortifications, perhaps symbolizing freedom or escape from the unfolding tragedy. The architectural details suggest a setting that is both imposing and vulnerable, highlighting the power dynamics at play.
A significant subtext lies in the contrast between the idealized physiques of the perpetrators and the helplessness of their victims. This juxtaposition underscores the moral depravity of the act being depicted. The use of light and shadow further amplifies the drama; bright illumination falls upon the central figures, drawing attention to their actions while leaving other areas shrouded in darkness, hinting at the hidden motives or consequences of this event.
The artist’s choice to depict a large number of participants suggests that this is not an isolated incident but rather a systematic act of violence, potentially driven by political or religious motivations. The overall effect is one of profound sorrow and condemnation, prompting reflection on themes of power, cruelty, and the fragility of innocence.