Cornelis Mortier – North and South Pole, 1720

The composition presents a cartographic representation framed by allegorical figures and symbolic elements characteristic of early modern European depictions of exploration and knowledge. The lower portion displays a polar projection map, centered on the Arctic region, with detailed renderings of coastlines, islands, and geographical names inscribed in an elegant script. Color is used to differentiate landmasses from water bodies, though the accuracy of the depicted geography appears speculative given contemporary understanding of the polar regions.
Above the map, a complex allegorical scene unfolds against a backdrop of swirling clouds and golden light. Three figures dominate this upper register: a female personification, likely representing Europe or perhaps more broadly, civilization, is seated on an elaborate throne. She gestures towards two other figures flanking her – one male, seemingly embodying North, and the other female, symbolizing South. The figure of North is depicted riding what appears to be a griffin, a mythical creature combining features of an eagle and a lion, suggesting power, vigilance, and dominion over the northern territories. The Southern figure is mounted on a swan, a symbol often associated with grace, purity, and potentially, a more gentle or romanticized view of that region.
The arrangement suggests a hierarchical structure: Europe (or civilization) presiding over the exploration and understanding of the polar regions. The use of mythological creatures further elevates the scene beyond mere geographical representation, imbuing it with connotations of divine guidance and imperial ambition. The text at the top indicates a connection to Arctic territories and a royal cartographer, reinforcing the association between this knowledge and state power.
Subtexts within the work revolve around themes of European expansionism, the pursuit of scientific understanding, and the symbolic representation of geographical exploration as a civilizing mission. The depiction of the polar regions as being overseen by allegorical figures underscores the belief that these remote areas were not merely places to be mapped but also territories to be understood and potentially controlled through intellectual and political means. The contrast between the powerful griffin associated with North and the graceful swan representing South may hint at differing perceptions or desired approaches towards exploration in those respective regions – perhaps a desire for assertive dominance in the north versus a more measured engagement in the south.