Hilaire Germain-Edgar Degas – Young Spartans Exercising Part 3 National Gallery UK

The painting depicts a scene of young Spartans engaged in athletic activities outdoors. On the left side, a group of young women, some partially clad in dark and light fabric skirts, are gathered. One is leaning forward, her arm extended as if reaching out or gesturing. Behind her, others are huddled together, their bodies close. Their expressions are somewhat somber and introspective.

On the right side, a group of young men, all nude, are also exercising. One stands prominently with his arms raised in a dynamic pose. Others are clustered around him, some engaged in a similar activity, while one is crouched low. Their bodies are rendered with a sense of muscularity and youthful energy.

In the background, a diverse crowd of spectators, including men and women in various garments, observes the scene. They are arranged in a more formal group, in contrast to the active figures in the foreground. Beyond the meadow, a hilly landscape with distant buildings and a prominent peaked mountain under a cloudy sky completes the setting.

Subtexts:

The painting, by Edgar Degas, is titled Young Spartans Exercising and references the ancient Greek city-state of Sparta, known for its rigorous physical training for both males and females.

• Gender Roles and Egalitarianism: A significant subtext is the depiction of Spartan women as physically active and trained, a departure from traditional classical portrayals and a representation of Spartas unique emphasis on female physical fitness. This challenges conventional notions of gender roles in antiquity.
• Discipline and Training: The stark, unadorned bodies and the focused, albeit varied, expressions suggest the Spartan ethos of discipline, physical rigor, and preparation for citizenship and military service.
• Masculinity and Femininity: The contrast between the grouped, somewhat reserved young women and the more exposed, dynamically posed young men invites comparison and interpretation of their respective forms of education and societal roles, even within this relatively egalitarian system.
• Aesthetic Idealization and Realism: Degas, known for his interest in capturing movement and everyday life, brings a modern sensibility to this classical subject. While depicting an ancient scene, the figures are rendered with a certain realism, and their poses convey a sense of captured motion.
• The Gaze: The presence of the spectators, particularly the women in elaborate attire in the background, introduces the idea of observation and judgment, adding a layer to the staged nature of the athletic displays.

Overall, the painting explores themes of physical education, societal ideals, and the representation of gender within the context of ancient Spartan culture, filtered through Degass distinctive artistic vision.