Fouquet, Jean – A battle between Romans and Carthaginians, probably the battle of Cannae (216 BCE). Page from a manuscript Ancient history to Caesar and the deeds of the Romans much of which has been lost. 1470-1475 Parchment, 44, 8 x 33, 4 cm. R.F. 7251 Part 4 Louvre

The illumination presents a scene of intense military conflict rendered within an arched frame adorned with intricate foliate borders. Here we see two distinct groups engaged in close-quarters combat; one arrayed in what appears to be Roman armor and weaponry, the other in attire suggestive of Carthaginian soldiers. The composition is densely populated with figures, creating a sense of chaotic movement and immediate violence.
The artist has employed a limited palette dominated by earthy tones – browns, greens, and ochres – which contribute to the overall impression of grim realism. The landscape background, though simplified, provides spatial context; it depicts a rolling terrain under a pale sky, suggesting an open field suitable for large-scale military maneuvers.
The figures are depicted with varying degrees of detail. Some soldiers are shown in dynamic poses, wielding swords and shields, while others fall or are struck down amidst the melee. The artist’s attention to detail is evident in the rendering of armor plates, helmets, and weaponry, although these elements are stylized rather than strictly realistic.
The arrangement of figures suggests a hierarchical structure within each army. Several individuals appear to be officers or commanders, distinguished by their more elaborate attire and prominent positions within the battle formation. The composition emphasizes the brutality of warfare through the depiction of fallen soldiers and the intensity of the combatants’ expressions.
Subtleties in the illumination hint at broader historical narratives. The presence of text alongside the visual representation indicates that this is an illustration accompanying a written account, likely intended to enhance understanding or provide a dramatic visualization of events described within the manuscript. The subject matter – a battle between Romans and Carthaginians – points towards a focus on ancient history and military campaigns.
The overall effect is one of controlled chaos; despite the apparent disorder of the battlefield, the composition is carefully structured to guide the viewers eye across the scene and convey the narrative of conflict. The illumination serves not only as a visual record of battle but also as a testament to the importance of historical documentation in the late medieval period.