Edward Hicks, American, 1780-1849 – The Peaceable Kingdom Philadelphia Museum of Art

The composition presents a pastoral scene imbued with symbolic weight. A central figure, a young child dressed in elaborate attire, stands prominently amidst a gathering of animals and human figures. The child appears to be leading a large brown animal – likely a cow or ox – while two lambs flank the group. A lion rests peacefully beside a lamb, an unusual juxtaposition that immediately signals a departure from natural order. Further emphasizing this theme of harmony, a leopard lies down with a kid, seemingly without threat.
The landscape itself is carefully constructed to reinforce these notions of tranquility and accord. A body of water stretches into the distance, reflecting the sky above. A sailing ship appears on the horizon, suggesting exploration and perhaps the promise of new beginnings. Trees dominate the background, their foliage rendered in varying shades of green and autumnal hues, creating depth and visual interest.
To the left, a group of men – presumably representing European settlers – are depicted engaged in what seems to be a formal meeting or negotiation. They are positioned slightly apart from the central grouping, suggesting a separation between human interaction and the natural worlds inherent peace. The figures are rendered with a degree of formality, their clothing indicating status and authority.
Framing the scene are inscriptions drawn from biblical verses (Isaiah 11:6-9), which further articulate the painting’s thematic concerns. The text emphasizes the cessation of predatory behavior among animals and the establishment of peace between humans and nature. The lower inscription references a historical figure, “Penn,” and alludes to a treaty made with indigenous leaders under an elm tree – a clear nod towards ideals of reconciliation and mutual understanding.
The artist’s use of light is significant; it illuminates the central figures and animals, drawing attention to their symbolic roles while casting the background in a softer glow. The overall effect is one of idealized harmony, presenting a vision of a world where natural instincts are subdued and peaceful coexistence reigns supreme. The deliberate arrangement of elements – the child, the animals, the landscape, and the human figures – works together to convey a powerful message about the potential for peace and understanding.