"Fundamentals of Fine Arts" by Radmila Fedotova, summary Automatic translate

This teaching aid for drawing combines the standards of the academic school of painting with esoteric practices of psychophysical development. The process of painting is viewed as a means of harmonizing the artist’s inner world and a direct tool for healing the physical body.

Organization of the educational process

The training is structured as a course. The program consists of twenty-four practical lessons. Each lesson lasts one academic hour. Students first study theory. Then they move on to practical exercises. Lessons begin with basic elements. Students master the choice of materials, proper hand positioning, and become familiar with pencil technique. An artist’s tools require careful attention: pencils of varying hardness, high-quality erasers, and thick paper are used. The correct choice of tool directly determines the final result of the drawing. The final result always depends on the chosen materials.

Laws of perspective and light and shadow

Further stages of training are devoted to the rules of constructing three-dimensional space on a flat sheet of paper. An artist must have a firm grasp of the principles of vanishing lines and the horizon. Linear perspective allows for the realistic depiction of geometric shapes: cubes, pyramids, and cylinders. Vanishing lines always meet at a single point on the horizon. Objects visually become smaller as they recede from the viewer. Correct perspective construction creates a realistic illusion of depth.

Hatching and shading

Two main techniques are used to convey volume. Hatching involves applying thin, intersecting lines of varying thickness. Shading involves rubbing the graphite with a soft pad to achieve an even tone. Mechanical shading should be strictly avoided. The shape of the object always dictates the direction of the stroke. Light, shadow, highlights, and reflections make the drawn objects visually tangible. On the dark side of the cube, the edge appears significantly darker next to the illuminated surface.

Rules for painting composition

The concept of a painting is born from a simple detail. A ray of light often becomes the basis for the entire painting’s structure. Artists achieve a balance between form and color. A sheet of paper is roughly divided into four equal parts. The resulting squares must balance each other in their semantic load. The search for compositional balance continues until all elements of the canvas are visually balanced.

Image of nature and the elements

Considerable attention is devoted to drawing flora and natural phenomena. The structure of trees, shrubs, and flowers requires careful study. Leaves, flower petals, and rowan branches require an understanding of their complex three-dimensional structure.

Water and clouds

The rendering of water’s state changes depending on its movement. A calm surface acts like a perfect mirror, producing a clear, inverted reflection. A moving river fragments the reflections into bands of color. The artist paints clouds with careful attention to aerial perspective. The further away the clouds are, the smaller they appear to the viewer. Cloud shapes are often flat at the bottom and voluminous and domed at the top.

Human anatomy

Constructing the human figure requires adherence to strict rules. The artist always relies on reference proportions of the adult body. Male and female proportions have distinct differences. Using this reference, the artist then confidently conveys the individual features of a specific model. The distance between the eyes, the width of the skull, and the size of the chin determine the uniqueness of the face.

Face and head

The face is constructed from a central axis of symmetry. The eyes, nose, lips, and ears are viewed from different angles: full-face, profile, and three-quarter view. The ears, when viewed from the front, lie strictly in the same plane as the face. The nose stands out on paper due to the light area on the bridge and the deep shading below. The eyes require the iris and pupil to be drawn.

Hands and feet

Drawing hands requires a precise knowledge of the basic proportions of the palm. The back of the hand is constructed using a rectangle. The middle finger is the longest. The ring and index fingers are equal in length. The little finger extends only to the last joint of the ring finger. Feet are easier to draw. They perform far fewer complex movements. Studying the four basic types of feet allows the artist to freely depict a person walking or standing. The central axis of the leg often does not coincide with the axis of the calf. The thigh is slightly tilted inward toward the central axis of the body.

Conveying emotions and states

Drawing evokes positive emotions and helps completely neutralize negative experiences. Consciously depicting a state of joy actively awakens this joy within the artist. Dynamic meditation through drawing helps find a way out of difficult life situations. Creativity becomes a reliable remedy for severe stress. Artists are encouraged to more often draw images of calm, sensitivity, and peace.

Watercolor painting techniques

After mastering the pencil, training moves on to painting. Classical painting techniques require a special technique. Watercolor is characterized by its transparency and lightness. Watercolor tools require soft brushes and special textured paper.

Classical painting methods

Grisaille allows students to paint with a single tone. Monochromatic painting allows for a deep exploration of chiaroscuro without the distraction of complex colors. Wet-on-wet painting involves applying paint to damp paper to create smooth, fuzzy transitions. Soft transitions are ideal for misty natural scenes. A la prima painting involves painting quickly in one short session. This rapid painting maintains a fresh perspective.

Painting of flowers

The plant world offers the artist a vast variety of colors. Painting sunflowers step by step in watercolor requires patience. First, a light pencil sketch is made. This pencil sketch harmoniously positions the bouquet on the paper. Then, thin layers of watercolor are applied. The final harmony of the colors in the painting depends on the artist’s personal perception.

Psychophysical influence of color

Creativity has a direct impact on human health. The use of vibrant colors helps the artist find inner balance. Each internal organ has its own color radiation. By altering this radiation through paint on canvas, a person can heal bodily ailments. Drawing does not destroy a person’s personality. Drawing reveals the best aspects of the soul. Visiting exhibitions and purchasing paintings is tantamount to attaining immortality. The viewer directly absorbs the energies initially embedded in the artist’s finished work.